In my experience, damage from failed removals of any bionic tends to be a single random number, possibly based on a percentage of total health, applied to all body parts. For me, it’s been anything from 20% - 80% of total health, but I’ve never seen the exact numbers. I don’t think odds of failure affect the damage, though.
One of the things I’d like to see is failed removal attempts only damaging the parts the bionics are installed on, like Visual Disruptor only damaging the head, or Bionic Claws only damaging the arms.