Well, the quick answer would be: Use the same id of whatever item you want to overwrite, change the parameters you like, and it will do so automatically when your mod loads.
…will overwrite the base game Protective Lenses CBM with your own definition (if your mod is loaded into the world), where the item only weighs 10 gram (instead of 500) and has a installation difficulty of 1 (instead of 5)… and has a fancy new name.
For the long answer on how to properly mod, I’d highly suggest you take a look at the modding guide on the game’s GitHub page:
I have a bit of a weather related headache right now, so I wasn’t able to include everything I would have liked to, but it’s a start.
Here’s what I have so far (I did not proofread it, but I’ve tested the code against 0.E-3 and whatever more or less current experimental build I had).
I’ve also created a text file so it keeps the formatting.